Programmable validation of transaction requests

ABSTRACT

A data processor includes an input/output bridge that provides enforcement of a security status on transactions between devices across the bridge. The bridge includes circuitry to parse a received request to obtain one or more identifiers, and compare the identifiers against one or more programmable lookup tables. Based on this comparison, the bridge can determine the security status of the transaction, as well as selectively forward the transaction based on the security status.

BACKGROUND

Certain processor architectures, such as the ARM® architecture, employ asecurity extension that characterizes some transactions by a securitystatus, being either “secure” or “non-secure.” This characterizationallows a processor and associated devices to distinguish betweendifferent transactions, as well as to prevent unauthorized access toprotected resources and communications. In contrast, certaininterconnect or bus architectures, such as Peripheral ComponentInterconnect Express (PCIe), do not accommodate a comparable securitystatus within their respective transactions.

SUMMARY

Example embodiments of the present disclosure include a circuitconfigured to control communications between one or more processors anda number of devices. The circuit may include a first port to receive arequest from a processor to access a device, as well as a second port toconnect to the device and other devices. The request may includeidentifier and addressing information, including a bus identifier, adevice identifier, and a function identifier. The circuit may alsoinclude a memory storing a number of lookup tables, such as a bus table,a device table, and a function table. The tables may correlateidentifiers of the request to a security status (e.g. secure ornon-secure).

The circuit may also include a control circuit configured to compare oneor more of the identifiers of the request against a respective table todetermine a security status of the request, and may also determinewhether the request is permitted in view of the security status. Inparticular, the control circuit may compare one or both of the busidentifier and the device identifier against the bus table and thedevice table, respectively, to determine a first security status. Thecontrol circuit may also compare the function identifier against thefunction table to determine a second security status, and may alsocompare the first and second security statuses to determine whether amismatch has occurred. Based on one or more of the aforementionedcomparisons, the control circuit may selectively forward the request tothe device.

In further embodiments, the processor may include an ARM processor, andthe request may include a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)transaction, which may be transmitted by a PCI bus. The control circuitmay be configured to deny the request under a number of circumstances,such as in response to detecting a mismatch between the securitystatuses of two or more of the bus identifier, the device identifier,and the function identifier. The control circuit may also deny therequest in response to detecting a mismatch between at least one of thebus identifier, a device identifier, and a function identifier and atleast one of the bus table, device table and function table.

In still further embodiments, the bus identifier may indicate a givenpath at which the request is to be forwarded to the device. Likewise,the device indicator may identify the device among the number ofdevices. The bus table may indicate a security status of the given path(e.g., secure or non-secure). The control circuit may be furtherconfigured to deny the request in response to a mismatch between thesecurity status and a status of at least one of the device identifierand the function identifier indicated by the device table and functiontable, respectively.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing will be apparent from the following more particulardescription of example embodiments of the disclosure, as illustrated inthe accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer tothe same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustratingembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a data processor in whichembodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a system implementing the dataprocessor of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an input/output bridge connectinga plurality of processor cores and a plurality of devices in oneembodiment.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example requestor identifier structure.

FIGS. 5A-C illustrate example table structures for indicating securitystatus.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating processing of a request in oneembodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A description of example embodiments follows.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a data processor 100 in anexample embodiment. The processor 100 may be implemented as asystem-on-chip (SOC) and connected to external devices, resources andcommunications channels via a printed circuit board (PCB).Alternatively, the processor 100 may be implemented among a number ofdiscrete circuit components connected via a PCB, or may comprise a SOCin combination with one or more discrete circuit components.

The data processor 100 facilitates operations between a number ofdevices and resources, and arbitrates access to shared resources amongthe devices. In particular, the processor cores 150 may include one ormore data processor cores. In an example embodiment, the processor cores150 may include a number (e.g., 48) of ARM® processor cores, such as theARMv8 processor cores. The processor cores 150 are connected, via acoherent memory interconnect (CMI) 135, to provide shared access to anumber of other devices and resources, including the level-2 cache (L2C)and controller 160 (also referred to herein as “L2C”). The L2C furtherconnects to a memory controller 165 for performing memory accessoperations to an external memory, such as a double data rate synchronousdynamic random-access memory (DDR SDRAM) array. Such a memory (notshown) may alternatively be located on-chip with the data processor 100.The CMI 135 may also connect to a coherent processor interconnect (CPI)155 for communication with off-chip devices, such as an additional dataprocessor. An example of one such configuration is described below withreference to FIG. 2.

The CMI 135 is further connected to an input/output bridge (IOBN) 110,which provides an interconnect between the processor cores 150, CPI 155and L2C 160 and additional devices and resources. In particular, devices145A-F connect to the IOBN 110 via input/output interconnects (IOI),IOI0 155A and IOI1 155B, which may be non-coherent buses (NCBs)including passive and/or arbitrated channels. The devices 145A-F mayinclude a number of different on-chip devices, such as co-processors,and may include I/O interfaces (e.g., USB, SATA, PCIe, Ethernet) toconnect to a number of external or off-chip devices and interfaces. Inorder to arbitrate resources at the IOBN 110 to the devices 145A-F, NCBarbiters 140A-B receive requests from the devices 145A-F and selectivelygrant IOBN resources to the devices 145A-B. Once granted, the devices145A-B may communicate with the processor cores 150, perform a memoryaccess operation to the L2C 160, or access other components of the dataprocessor 100.

In order to facilitate shared memory access among several differentdevices (e.g., the processor cores 150 and devices 145A-F), the dataprocessor 100 may employ virtualization, whereby a memory interconnect(e.g., CMI 135 and IOBN 110) interfaces with the devices using virtualaddresses, which are translated to a physical address of the memory. Toenable virtualization, a System Memory Management Unit (SMMU) 180maintains an index of physical and virtual addresses. During a memoryaccess operation where a virtual address is provided, the IOBN 110forwards the virtual address to the SMMU 180, which returns acorresponding physical address for accessing the memory (e.g., the L2C160 or an external memory via the L2C 160). The IOBN 110 may translateaddresses bi-directionally such that the virtual address is maintainedat communications at the device, and the physical address is indicatedin operations at the memory. The SMMU 180 may be further configured tosupport multiple tiers of virtual addresses.

Control status registers (CSRs) 170 include registers for maintaininginformation about the instructions and operations of the data processor100. The CSRs may maintain, for example, status information regarding anumber of devices, as well as information about ongoing operations andinstructions between devices and/or resources. Devices such as theprocessor cores 150 and the devices 145A-B, as well as other requestors185 and off-chip devices (via the CPI 155), may write to and read fromthe CSRs 170 using a register master logic (RML). To facilitate themultiple requests from several different devices, a master RML (MRML)120 operates to arbitrate access to the CSRs 170.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a system 200 implementing aplurality of data processors. The system 200 includes data processors205A-B, each of which may be configured comparably to the data processor100 described above with reference to FIG. 1. The data processors 205A-Bmay be linked by a CPI interconnect 255, which may connect to arespective CPI interface (e.g., 155 in FIG. 1) of each data processor205A-B. The CPI interconnect 255 may provide shared access to thedevices and resources across the data processors 201A-B. In furtherembodiments, additional data processors or other devices may be linkedto the data processors 205A-B via the CPI interconnect 255.

The data processors 205A-B may be connected to respective memory arrays(e.g., DDR SDRAM) 215A-B as shown, and/or may be connected to a commonmemory array. The data processors may be further connected to a numberof external devices 245 via a number of devices via respective I/Ointerfaces (e.g., USB, SATA, PCIe, Ethernet).

Turning back to FIG. 1, in some embodiments as described above, theprocessor cores 150 may include one or more processors, such as ARMv8processors, that employ a security extension for certain transactions.For example, the processor cores 150 may describe transactions withtarget devices 145A-F as either “secure” or “non-secure.” Such adescription may be incorporated into outgoing transactions by theprocessor cores 150, and the processor cores 150 may likewise requireincoming transactions to include such descriptions or another indicatorby which their security status can be ascertained.

In contrast, the processor cores 150 may communicate with the devices145A-F via channels that do not support a security descriptor. Forexample, one or more of the devices 145A-F may connect to the IOBN 110via a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) interface (or, similarly,a PCI express (PCIe) interface), and may communicate via PCItransactions. However, the PCI communications standard does notaccommodate security descriptors compatible with those employed underARM architecture.

To facilitate communications between the processor cores 150 and thedevices 145A-F, the IOBN 110 may be configured to determine a securitystatus of a transaction, as well as determine, based on the securitystatus, whether the transaction is legal or illegal. The IOBN 110 maythen, based on one or more such determinations, selectively forward thetransaction toward its destination. An example IOBN 110 configured toprovide the aforementioned functions is described below with referenceto FIG. 3.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a processing subsystem 300including an IOBN 110 connecting a plurality of processor cores 150 anda plurality of devices 145A-F in one embodiment. The subsystem 300 mayinclude one or more components of the data processor 100 described abovewith reference to FIG. 1, or may be incorporated into the dataprocessor.

The IOBN 110 includes a non-coherent bus (NCB) interface 355 forcommunicating with the devices 145A-F via intermediary NCBs, IOI0 155Aand IOI1 155B. The IOBN 110 also includes a CMI interface 330 forcommunicating with the processor cores 150 via the CMI 135. The IOBN 110further includes a control circuit 320 and registers 340. Alternatively,the registers 340 may be located separately from the IOBN 110.

The processor cores 150 may forward requests to the IOBN 110 thataddress one or more of the devices 145A-B. The processor cores 150 mayclassify such transactions as either secure or non-secure, yet may notbe permitted to include a descriptor indicating as such in thetransaction itself. As described above, this limitation may be due tothe architecture of the channels carrying the request. For example, oneor more of the devices 145A-F may connect to the IOBN 110 via a PCI orPCIe interface, which does not accommodate security descriptors.

The IOBN 110 may provide for enforcement of secure and non-securetransactions despite the aforementioned limitations of channels withinthe subsystem 300. To do so, the control circuit 320 may operate toclassify a request from the processor cores 150 as “secure” or“non-secure” based on a comparison of elements of the request againstone or more lookup tables stored at the registers 340. The controlcircuit may also determine whether the transaction is “legal” or“illegal” based on a comparison of the security statuses of thetransaction and a destination bus and/or device. Based on the abovedeterminations, the control circuit may selectively forward or deny thetransaction.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example request identifier 400 structure. Therequest identifier 400 may be a component of a request transactionforwarded by the processor cores 150 to the IOBN 110 as described abovewith reference to FIG. 3. The request identifier 400 may include a busidentifier 422 (e.g., 8 bits), a device identifier 424 (e.g., 5 bits),and a function identifier 426 (e.g., 3 bits). The bus identifier 422 mayindicate a bus (e.g., a physical and/or logical path) through which therequest is to travel to reach a destination device. The deviceidentifier 424 may identify the device originating the request, or mayidentify the destination device, or may identify both the requesting anddestination devices (e.g., a device identifier including both arequestor identifier and a destination idenfier). Further, the functionidentifier may classify the function associated with the request. Theexample request identifier 400 generally coincides with a requestidentifier employed in PCI transactions. In further embodiments, theprocessor cores 150 may provide a request identifier under a differentconfiguration. For example, the request identifier may include a busidentifier and a function identifier of different lengths (e.g., 8 bitseach), while excluding a device identifier. Such a configuration mayalso be supported under PCI architecture.

FIGS. 5A-C illustrate example table structures 501-503 for indicatingsecurity status. The tables 501-503 may be stored, for example, withinthe register 340 described above with reference to FIG. 3. As shown inFIG. 5A, a bus table 501 indexes bus identifiers (BUS0 . . . BUSn) by arespective security status (e.g., “S” indicates “secure”; “NS” indicates“non-secure”). FIG. 5B illustrates a device table 502 that indexesdevice identifiers (DEV0 . . . DEVn) by a respective security status.Likewise, FIG. 5C shows a function table 503 that indexes functionidentifiers (FUNC0 . . . FUNCn) by a respective security status. Each ofthe tables 501-503 may be programmed to accommodate a number ofdifferent hardware and software configurations. For example, a selectedsubset of devices may be classified as secure, and can be designated assuch by the device table 502. A result of such classification may be toinsulate the secure devices from non-secure transactions, and/ortransactions originating from non-secure devices or buses. Likewise, aselected subset of buses may be classified as secure as indicated by thebus table 501, which may ensure that only secure traffic is transmittedacross the secure buses.

FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a process 600 of determining andenforcing security status in one embodiment. With reference to FIG. 3,The IOBN 110 receives a request (e.g., request 400 in FIG. 4) from aprocessor core 150 to forward a transaction to one of the devices 145A-F(605). The IOBN 110 parses the request to obtain a corresponding requestidentifier, which may include, for example, a bus identifier, a deviceidentifier, and a function identifier (610). The control circuit 320 ofthe IOBN 110 may perform an initial filtering of the request bycomparing the bus identifier and device identifier of the requestidentifier against corresponding lookup tables (e.g., lookup tables 501,502 in FIGS. 5A-B) (615). Based on the above comparisons, the controlcircuit 320 may determine whether to forward or deny the request (620).Such a determination may be configured based on a given securityenforcement design. For example, the control circuit may compare thesecurity statuses of the bus identifier and the device identifier and,upon detecting a mismatch (e.g., detecting both secure and non-securestatuses), determine that the request is illegal, and deny the request(625).

If the request is forwarded, the request may undergo additionalfiltering, whereupon the function identifier is compared against alookup table (e.g., function table 503 in FIG. 5C) (630). Based on thiscomparison, the control circuit 320 may again determine whether toforward or deny the request (635). For example, the control circuit maycompare the security status of the function identifier against thesecurity statuses of the bus identifier and the device identifier and,upon detecting a mismatch, deny the request (640). If the request isdetermined to be legal (e.g., no mismatch between security statuses),then the IOBN 110 may forward the request to the destination device(645)

In further embodiments, with reference to FIG. 3, operations of thecontrol circuit 320 may be distributed among two or more modules toprovide tiered filtering of received requests as shown for example inFIG. 6 (i.e., operations 620, 635).

While this invention has been particularly shown and described withreferences to example embodiments thereof, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may bemade therein without departing from the scope of the inventionencompassed by the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of controlling access, comprising:receiving a request from a processor to access at least one of aplurality of devices; parsing an address portion of the request toobtain a bus identifier, a device identifier, and a function identifier;comparing at least one of the bus identifier and the device identifieragainst a bus table and a device table, respectively, to determine afirst security status; comparing the function identifier against afunction table to determine a second security status; and selectivelyforwarding the request to the at least one of the plurality of devicesbased on at least one of the first security status and the secondsecurity status.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the processor is anARM processor.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the request includes aPeripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) transaction.
 4. The method ofclaim 3, wherein selectively forwarding the request includestransmitting the PCI transaction via a PCI bus.
 5. The method of claim1, wherein selectively forwarding the request includes denying therequest in response to detecting a mismatch between at least two of thebus identifier, the device identifier, and the function identifier. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein selectively forwarding the requestincludes denying the request in response to detecting a mismatch betweenat least one of the bus identifier, a device identifier, and a functionidentifier and at least one of the bus table, device table and functiontable.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the bus identifier indicates agiven path at which the request is to be forwarded to the at least oneof the plurality of devices.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the bustable indicates a security status of the given path, the security statusbeing secure or non-secure.
 9. The method of claim 8, whereinselectively forwarding the request includes denying the request inresponse to a mismatch between the security status and a status of atleast one of the device identifier and the function identifier indicatedby the device table and function table, respectively.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the device indicator indicates the at least one of theplurality of devices.
 11. A circuit for controlling access, comprising:a first port configured to receive a request from a processor to accessat least one of a plurality of devices, the request including a busidentifier, a device identifier, and a function identifier; a secondport configured to connect to the plurality of devices via a bus; amemory storing a bus table, a device table, and a function table; and acontrol circuit configured to: compare at least one of the busidentifier and the device identifier against the bus table and thedevice table, respectively, to determine a first security status;compare the function identifier against the function table to determinea second security status; and selectively forward the request to the atleast one of the plurality of devices based on at least one of the firstsecurity status and the second security status.
 12. The circuit of claim11, wherein the processor is an ARM processor.
 13. The circuit of claim11, wherein the request includes a Peripheral Component Interconnect(PCI) transaction.
 14. The circuit of claim 13, wherein the controlcircuit is further configured to transmit the PCI transaction via a PCIbus.
 15. The circuit of claim 11, wherein the control circuit is furtherconfigured to deny the request in response to detecting a mismatchbetween at least two of the bus identifier, the device identifier, andthe function identifier.
 16. The circuit of claim 11, wherein thecontrol circuit is further configured to deny the request in response todetecting a mismatch between at least one of the bus identifier, adevice identifier, and a function identifier and at least one of the bustable, device table and function table.
 17. The circuit of claim 11,wherein the bus identifier indicates a given path at which the requestis to be forwarded to the at least one of the plurality of devices. 18.The circuit of claim 17, wherein the bus table indicates a securitystatus of the given path, the security status being secure ornon-secure.
 19. The circuit of claim 18, wherein the control circuit isfurther configured to deny the request in response to a mismatch betweenthe security status and a status of at least one of the deviceidentifier and the function identifier indicated by the device table andfunction table, respectively.
 20. The circuit of claim 11, wherein thedevice indicator indicates the at least one of the plurality of devices.